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Operating systems are an essential part of any computer system. Similarly,
a course onoperating systems is an essential part of any computer-science
education. This field is undergoingrapid change, as computers are now
prevalentin virtually every application, from games for children through the
mostsophisticated planning tools for governments and multinational firms.
Yetthe fundamental concepts remainfairly clear, and it is onthese that webase
this book.
Wewrotethis bookas a text for an introductory course in operatingsystems

at the junior or senior undergraduate level or at the first-year graduate level.
Wehopethat practitioners will also find it useful. It provides a cleardescription
of the concepts that underlie operatingsystems. Asprerequisites,weassume
that the reader is familiar with basic data structures, computerorganization,
and a high-level language, such as C. The hardwaretopics required for an
understanding of operating systems are included in Chapter 1. For code
examples, weuse predominantly C, with some Java, but the reader can still
understand the algorithms withouta thorough knowledge of these languages.
Conceptsare presentedusing intuitive descriptions. Important theoretical
results are covered, but formal proofs are omitted. The bibliographical notes
contain pointers to research papers in which results werefirst presented and
proved, as well as references to material for furtherreading. In place of proofs,
figures and examplesare used to suggest why weshould expect the result in
question to be true.
The fundamental concepts and algorithms covered in the bookare often
based on those used in existing commercial operating systems. Our aim
is to present these concepts and algorithms in a general setting that is
not tied to one particular operating system. Wepresent a large number of
examplesthat pertainto the mostpopular and the mostinnovative operating
systems, including Sun Microsystems'Solaris;Linux; Mach; MicrosoftMS-DOS,
WindowsNT, Windows2000,and WindowsXP; DECVMSand TOP5-20;IBM OS/2;
and Apple Mac OSX.
In this text, whenwereferto WindowsXPas an example operatingsystem,
weare implying both WindowsXP and Windows2000. If a feature exists in
WindowsXPthat is not available in Windows2000, wewill statethis explicitly.